Operators

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Compound Operators

  • +=, -=, *= and /=
  • Makes code compact
  • Operator precedence for compound assignments : The expression on the right side of the = will always be evaluated first!
int x = 2;

x *= 3 + 5;

//This is equivalent to x = x * (3 + 5) and NOT x = (x*2) + 5.

Relational Operators

  • Can be applied to ANY combination of integers, floats or chars.
  • int's can be compared to doubles
  • char's can be compared to int's
                int i = 4;
		double pi = 3.14;
		
		if( i > pi) {
			System.out.println("Greater than pi");
		}
		
		char c = 'C';
		
		if( c > 66) {
			System.out.println("C > B");
		}


Equality Operators

  • '==' and '!=' are used to test for equality.
  • Can't compare incompatible types.
  • For e.g can't compare an int and a boolean or a Thread and a String
  • Objects in the same hierarchy can be checked however.
Object o = new Object();
String s = new String("a");
Integer i = new Integer(42);
		
if(o == s) { //String IS-A object
 System.out.println("o==s");
} 
		
if (s == i) { // Compiler error
}
  • For enums, == is equivalent to equals(), because there's no way to create additional enum constants after the declaration.

instanceof

  • The instanceof (all small letters) is used for object variables only.
  • The first operand must be an object instance and the second operator a class name.
  • Instanceof can be used to compare operands which are in the same class hierarchy, However this restriction does not apply to interfaces ! Because the class could implement the interface at some point.
    • If the object is a final class, then using instanceof to check against an Interface which it does not implement, will return in a compiler error.
class GrandFather {
}

class Father extends GrandFather {
}

class Son extends Father {
}

public class InOf {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		Father f = new Father();
		GrandFather gf = new GrandFather();
		Son s = new Son();
		
		if (f instanceof GrandFather) { //OK
		}
		
		if (f instanceof Son) { //OK
		}
		
		if (f instanceof Thread) { //ILLEGAL COMPARE : NOT OK
		}

                if (f instanceof Runnable) { //OK TO COMPARE, Father could implement Runnable at some point.
                }

                String s = "str";
                if (s instanceof Runnable) { //NOT OK - String is final, can never be a Runnable.
                }
		
	}
}
  • If a class's superclass implements an interface then the class will pass the instanceof test for the interface
interface Person {
}

class GrandFather implements Person {
}

class Father extends GrandFather {
}

class Son extends Father {
}

public class InOf {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		
		Son s = new Son();
		
		if (s instanceof Person) {
			System.out.println("Son is a Person"); //Will print Son is a Person
		}
		
	}

}
  • IT IS LEGAL to use null reference in an instanceof check. It will always return false.
  • Can also be used for arrays
Integer[] ia = new Integer[20];
		
if(ia instanceof Number[]) {
   System.out.println("Integer[] IS-A Number[]"); //Prints this 
}

Arithmetic Operators

  • +, -, *, /, % are the arithmetic operators.
  • *, /, % have a higher precedence than the + and - operators.

String concatenation operator

  • '+' is the only "overloaded" operator in java and can be used to concatenate two strings together.
  • WATCH OUT : When integers are concatenated with Strings :
  • Evaluation runs from left to right
  • If both operands are integers, then addition will take place.
  • If one operand is a string, concatenation will happen.
System.out.println(1 + 2 + " abc"); // 3 abc
System.out.println(1 + " abc " + 2); // 1 abc 2
System.out.println(1 + 2 + " abc " + 3); // 3 abc 3
System.out.println(1 + 2 + " abc " + 3 + 4); // 3 abc 34

Conditional Operator

  • Is a ternary operator (three operands)
  • Syntax:
  • x = (boolean expression) ? value to assign if bool expr is true : value to assign if bool expr is false.
  • value should match with type of x
  int c  = (new Random().nextInt(10) > 5) ? 1 : 0;

Logical Operator

  • Six logical operators - &, |, ^, !, &&, !!
  • & , |, ^ are also bitwise operators - they compare variables bit by bit and return a value whose bits have been set according to the comparison made.
int i = 3;
int j = 5;

int k = i & j; //k = 1;

Short Circuit Logical Operators

  • Short circuit && evaluates the first operand and if it resolves to false, it skips evaluating the remaining operands because the end result will be false.
  • Short circuit || evaluate the first operand and if it is true, it wont evaluate the rest of the expressions because the end result will be true.
public static void main(String[] args) {
		if(expr1() && expr2() && expr3()) {
			System.out.println("True");
		} else {
			System.out.println("False");
		}
		
		System.out.println("------------------------------");
		
		if(expr1() || expr2() || expr3()) {
			System.out.println("True");
		} else {
			System.out.println("Flase");
		}
	}
	
	private static boolean expr1() {
		System.out.println("expr1");
		return false;
	}
	
	private static boolean expr2() {
		System.out.println("expr2");
		return true;
	}
	
	private static boolean expr3() {
		System.out.println("expr3");
		return true;
	}

/* OUTPUT :
expr1
False
------------------------------
expr1
expr2
True
/*

Non Short-Circuit Logical Operators

  • When & and | are used, they always evaluate all the operands - nothing is skipped.
public class SCircuit {

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		if(expr1() & expr2() & expr3()) {
			System.out.println("True");
		} else {
			System.out.println("False");
		}
		
		System.out.println("------------------------------");
		
		if(expr1() | expr2() | expr3()) {
			System.out.println("True");
		} else {
			System.out.println("False");
		}
	}
	
	private static boolean expr1() {
		System.out.println("expr1");
		return false;
	}
	
	private static boolean expr2() {
		System.out.println("expr2");
		return true;
	}
	
	private static boolean expr3() {
		System.out.println("expr3");
		return true;
	}

}

/*
OUTPUT:
expr1
expr2
expr3
False
------------------------------
expr1
expr2
expr3
True
*/

XOR and Invert

  • ^ (XOR) evaluates only boolean values. For XOR to be true, the operands must be different (one true and one false), if both are true and both are false, then XOR will be false.
System.out.println((2 < 3) ^ (4 < 5));   //False
System.out.println((10 < 2) ^ (2 < 10)); //True
  •  ! inverts the boolean value, but doesnt change the original value.

Operator Precedence

  1. Postfix operators: [], ., expr++, expr--
  2. Unary prefix : ++expr, --expr,
  3. Unary prefix creation and cast : new, type
  4. Multiplicative: *, / , %
  5. Additive: + , -
  6. Shift: <<,>>,>>>
  7. Relational : <, <=, >. >= instanceof
  8. Equality: == !=
  9. Bitwise/logical AND: &
  10. Bitwise/logical XOR: ^
  11. Bitwise/logical OR: |
  12. Conditional AND: &&
  13. Conditional OR: ||
  14. Conditional : ?:
  15. Assignment: =,+=,-+,*=,/=,%=, etc